SA240 gr 321 Properties and Aplications

SA240 gr 321 is a type of stainless steel produced in accordance with ASTM A240 standard, which is often used in high-temperature and corrosive environments.

SS 321 Plate Equivalent grades

JIS G4304	ASTM	UNS	KS	EN10095	AS	CNS
SUS321	321	S32100	STS321	1.4541	321	321

Chemical composition:

Type	Grade
	ASTM (A240M)	Others (JIS)	C	Si	Mn	P	S	Ni	Cr
Austenitic Steels
	321	SUS321	≤0.08	≤0.75	≤2.00	≤0.045	≤0.030	9.0/12.0	17.0/19.0

Titanium (Ti): a minimum of 5 times the carbon (C) content, but not more than 0.70%.

Physical Properties

Grade	Density (kg/m3)	Elastic Modulus (GPa)	Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (μm/m/°C)			Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K)		Specific Heat 0-100 °C (J/kg.K)	Electrical Resistivity (nΩ.m)
			0-100 °C	0-315 °C	0-538 °C	at 100 °C	at 500 °C
321	8027	193	16.6	17.2	18.6	16.1	22.2	500	720

Mechanical Properties

Type	Mechanical Properties for Stainless Steel Plates, Stainless Steel Sheet
	ASTM (A240M)	Others (JIS)	Tensile Properties			Hardness
			Yield Strength (Mpa)	Tensile Strength (Mpa)	Elongation (%)	HBW			HRBW
Austenitic Steels
	321	SUS321	≥205	≥515	≥40	≤217			≤95

SA240 gr 321 has good corrosion resistance in environments containing nitric acid and organic salts. It also has good high-temperature strength and can be used at temperatures up to approximately 900 degrees Celsius.

Applications of SA240 gr 321 include:

• Components in the chemical and petrochemical industry
• Equipment in thermal power plants and nuclear power plants
• Heat-resistant equipment in the food and pharmaceutical industry
• Applications in the medical field, such as in dental equipment.

 

What is ASTM SA 193 grade B16?

What is SA 193 B16?

SA 193 B16 is a specification for high-temperature bolting materials, specifically alloy steel bolting materials, published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

SA 193 B16 is made from chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloy steel and is commonly used in applications that require high strength and resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and high temperatures.

SA 193 B16 stud bolts are often used in industries such as oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation. They are used in applications such as pipeline flanges, valve bodies, pressure vessels, boilers, turbines, heat exchangers, reactors, and compressors.

The ASTM A193 specification, which SA 193 B16 is a part of, outlines the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and testing requirements for high-temperature bolting materials. This helps to ensure that the materials used in critical applications meet a certain level of quality and reliability.

SA 193 B16 mechanical properties, chemical composition, applications

SA 193 B16 is a chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloy steel used in high-temperature and high-pressure applications such as pressure vessels, boilers, and flanges. The following are the mechanical properties and chemical composition of SA 193 B16:

Mechanical Properties:

• Tensile strength: 125 ksi (860 MPa) minimum
• Yield strength: 105 ksi (720 MPa) minimum
• Elongation: 16% minimum
• Reduction of area: 50% minimum
• Hardness: 35 HRC maximum

Chemical Composition:

• Carbon: 0.36% - 0.47%
• Manganese: 0.45% - 0.70%
• Phosphorus: 0.035% maximum
• Sulfur: 0.040% maximum
• Silicon: 0.15% - 0.35%
• Chromium: 0.80% - 1.15%
• Molybdenum: 0.15% - 0.25%
• Vanadium: 0.10% - 0.20%

Temperature Range

ASTM a193 grade b16 bolt temperature range is between -20ºF (-30ºC) to +1100ºF (+593ºC).

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Co-efficient of thermal expansion for ASTM a193 grade b16 bolting is approximately 7.5 x 10^6.

Applications: SA 193 B16 stud bolts are commonly used in industries such as oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation. They are used in applications that require high strength and resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and high temperatures. Some common applications of SA 193 B16 include:

• Pipeline flanges
• Valve bodies
• Pressure vessels
• Boilers
• Turbines
• Heat exchangers
• Reactors
• Compressors

It is important to ensure that any SA 193 B16 stud bolts being used meet the ASTM A193 specification and are installed and tightened according to the manufacturer's recommended torque specifications to ensure their performance and reliability.

 

A217 GR.WC6 properties

A217 GR.WC6 is a high-strength low-alloy steel that is commonly used in high-temperature and pressure applications. In this article, we will explore the mechanical properties, chemical composition, equivalent grades, and applications of A217 GR.WC6.

Equivalent Grades: A217 GR.WC6 has several equivalent grades that have similar chemical compositions and mechanical properties. Some of the equivalent grades are:

• ASTM A182 F11
• ASTM A335 P11
• BS 1503 Grade 621-440
• DIN 1.7335
• ASME SA217
• UNS J42045

Chemical Composition: The chemical composition of A217 GR.WC6 is as follows:

• Carbon (C): 0.05-0.20%
• Manganese (Mn): 0.50-0.80%
• Silicon (Si): 0.50-1.00%
• Chromium (Cr): 1.00-1.50%
• Molybdenum (Mo): 0.44-0.65%
• Nickel (Ni): 0.50% maximum
• Phosphorus (P): 0.03% maximum
• Sulfur (S): 0.03% maximum

Mechanical Properties: The mechanical properties of A217 GR.WC6 are as follows:

• Tensile strength: 415 MPa (60,000 psi) minimum
• Yield strength: 205 MPa (30,000 psi) minimum
• Elongation: 20% minimum
• Reduction of area: 35% minimum
• Hardness: 197-241 HBW

Applications: A217 GR.WC6 is primarily used in high-temperature and pressure systems, including:

• Boiler components: A217 GR.WC6 is used to cast boiler components such as steam tubes, flanges, gaskets, and handles.
• High-pressure piping: A217 GR.WC6 is used to cast high-pressure piping components such as pipes, flanges, valves, and fittings.
• Pumps: A217 GR.WC6 is used to cast pump components such as handles, shafts, and impellers.
• Valves: A217 GR.WC6 is used to cast valve components such as valve bodies, flanges, and handles.

Components cast from A217 GR.WC6 have high strength, can withstand high pressure and temperature, and have good resistance to corrosion and erosion, especially in acidic environments. Overall, A217 GR.WC6 is a versatile steel that can be used in a wide range of applications where high-strength and corrosion-resistant materials are required.

Download Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards

The Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards is a comprehensive guidebook that provides a detailed comparison of various steel standards used around the world. The book includes information on more than 100 steel standards from countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, China, and others.

Handbook Of Comparative World Steel Standards 3rd Edition

Handbook Of Comparative World Steel Standards 2nd Edition

The handbook is divided into four main sections:

1.      Introduction: This section provides a brief overview of the history and development of steel standards, as well as the need for a comparative guidebook.

2.      Steel Standards: This section provides a detailed comparison of various steel standards from around the world. The standards are organized by country, and each standard is presented in a standardized format that includes the following information:

·         Standard designation and year of issue

·         Chemical composition and mechanical properties

·         Product forms and sizes

·         Steel grades and symbols

·         Equivalent standards from other countries

3.      Cross-Reference Tables: This section includes cross-reference tables that allow users to easily compare steel standards from different countries. The tables are organized by product form (e.g. plates, bars, tubes, etc.) and provide information on equivalent grades from different standards.

4.      Appendices: This section includes additional information on steel standards, including a glossary of terms, conversion factors, and a list of organizations involved in the development of steel standards.

The Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards is a valuable resource for engineers, designers, and manufacturers who work with steel, as well as students and researchers in the field of materials science and engineering.

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Download free Ebook: Key to Steel Articles (chm)

 Table of Contents

1. Classification of Steels

Classification of Stainless Steels  

Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels  

The Effects of Alloying Elements on Iron-Carbon Alloys  

The Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram  

Iron and Its Interstitial Solid Solutions  

2. Iron and Carbon Steels

Designation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels  

Cast Steel  

Steel-Making Processes  

Structure of Plain Steels  

Corrosion of Carbon Steel  

Gray Iron  

Hardenable Carbon Steels  

Cast Carbon Steels  

Cold Rolled Steels

3. Alloy Steels

Alloy Steels  

Alloyed Tool and Die Steels  

Applications of Alloy Steels  

Characteristics of Alloying Elements  

Strengthening Mechanisms in Alloy Steel  

Quench Hardening of Steel  

Influence of Alloying Elements on Steel Microstructure  

Effects on the Martensite, Pearlite and Bainite Formation  

High-Strength Steels for Aerospace Forgings  

Austenitic Manganese Steels  

Soft Magnetic Alloys  

High-Strength Structural and HSLA Steels  

Hardenable Alloy Steels  

Silicon Steels and Their Applications  

Properties of Maraging Steels  

The Strengthening of Iron and Steel  

Controlled Rolling of Low Alloy Steels  

Bainitic Steels: Part One  

Bainitic Steels: Part Two  

Processing of Microalloyed Forging Steels  

4. Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steels

Heat-Resisting Steels  

Stainless Steels  

Corrosion Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steels  

Steel for Cryogenic and Low-Temperature Service  

Cast Stainless Steels  

Heat-Resisting Alloys  

High-Alloy Cast Steels  

Austenitic Steels  

Galvanic Corrosion  

5. Heat Treatment of Steels

Principles of Heat Treating of Steels  

Annealing  

Annealing of Castings  

Constant Temperature Transformation TTT Curves  

Heat-treatment of High Carbon Steel Wire - Patenting  

Hardening and Tempering of Tool Steels  

Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Cold-Work Tool Steels  

Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Cold-Work and Hot-Work Tool Steels  

Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel  

Low and High Temperature Thermomechanical Treatments  

Surface Hardening of Steels  

Carburizing  

Nitriding  

Gas Carburizing  

Carbonitriding  

The Tempering of Martensite: Part One  

The Tempering of Martensite: Part Two  

Gas Nitriding  

Liquid Nitriding  

Advances in Thermal Spray Technology  

Hardenability of Steels  

The Formation of Martensite  

Induction Surface Hardening and Tempering  

Overview of Mechanical Working Processes: Part One  

Overview of Mechanical Working Processes: Part Two  

6. Cast Iron

Cast Irons  

Relation Between CE Structure and Mechanical Properties  

High-Strength Irons  

Classification of Cast Iron  

Nodular Ductile Iron  

Standard Terminology Related to Iron Castings  

High-Alloy White Irons  

Specifications for Ductile Iron  

Malleable Cast Iron  

Heat Treating of Gray Irons: Part One  

Heat Treating of Gray Irons: Part Two  

Heat Treating of High Alloy Graphitic Irons  

Heat Treating of High-Alloy White Irons  

Heat Treating of Malleable Irons  

Heat Treating of Nodular Irons: Part One  

Heat Treating of Nodular Irons: Part Two  

Casting Defects in Steels  

7. Mechanical Testing

Resilience  

True Stress - True Strain Curve  

Engineering Stress-Strain Curve  

Steel Properties at Low and High Temperatures  

Charpy Impact Test for Metallic Materials  

Effect of Metallurgical Variables on Fatigue  

Hardness Testing  

Magneto-Inductive Verification of Material Characteristics  

Ultrasonic Testing of Safety Parts in Automobile Manufacturing  

Determining Hardening Depth Using Ultrasonic Backscatter  

8. Fracture Mechanics

Fracture  

Fracture Mechanics  

Fracture Toughness  

Macroscopic Aspects of Fracture  

Fracture of Steel: Part One  

Fracture of Steel: Part Two  

Fracture Toughness of High-Strength Steels at Low Temperatures  

Temper Embrittlement  

The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part One  

The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part Two  

The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part Three  

Brittle Fracture and Impact Testings:Part One  

Brittle Fracture and Impact Testings:Part Two  

Fatigue of Metals: Part One  

Analyzing Failures of Metal Components: Part One  

Analyzing Failures of Metal Components: Part Two  

Fracture Features of Martensitic Steel Plate  

Stress Corrosion Cracked Welds in NiCrMo Steel  

9. Fatigue

Fatigue Crack Growth  

Structural Features of Fatigue  

10. Welding

Welding of Steels  

Filler Metals for Welding, Part 2  

Welding Process  

The Welding Processes: Resistance Welding  

Welding Procedures and the Fundamentals of Welding  

Beam Welding and Thermit Welding  

Processes Related to Welding  

Classification and Designation of Welding Filler Materials  

Welding of Stainless Steels  

Welding Ultra-High-Strength Steels  

Welding For Repair and Surfacing  

Procedures for Repair Welding and Surfacing  

Surfacing for Wear Resistance: Part One  

Surfacing for Wear Resistance: Part Two  

Power Supply for Welding Processes  

11. Steel Specifications and Applications

General Requirements for Rolled Steel for Structural Use  

Structural Steel for Ships  

Design for High-Temperature Applications: Part 1  

Design for High-Temperature Applications: Part 2  

Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels in Practical Applications: Part 1  

Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels in Practical Applications: Part 2  

Wear-Resistant Special Structural Steels  

Forging  

Application of New Hot-Rolled High-Strength Sheet Steels  

Austenitic Sandwich Materials  

Carbon and Alloy Steel for Mechanical Fasteners  

12. History of Steel Making

From the History of Iron and Steel Making: Part One  

From the History of Iron and Steel Making: Part Two

Download ebook Key to Steel Articles (format: .chm, size: 5MB):

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Download Free Software: Key to Steel

The Key to Steel software is a reference database that contains information on the properties and characteristics of various types of steel. It provides detailed technical data on over 300,000 steel grades and sub-grades, including chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment information, and more. The software is commonly used in the steel industry for material selection, product design, quality control, and research and development purposes.

The Key to Steel software was developed by the German company Stahlschluessel Wegst GmbH.

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