BS4360: British Standard for low and medium carbon structural steel

BS4360 is a British Standard for low and medium carbon structural steel that was published in 1968 and revised in 1990. The standard specifies the requirements for hot-rolled and forged steel bars, plates, and sections that are used in general construction, engineering, and structural applications.

BS4360 covers a wide range of steel grades, including:

• Grade 40A: This is a low carbon steel with a tensile strength of 410-560 MPa and a yield strength of 235 MPa.
• Grade 43A: This is a low carbon steel with a tensile strength of 430-580 MPa and a yield strength of 275 MPa.
• Grade 50B: This is a medium carbon steel with a tensile strength of 490-640 MPa and a yield strength of 355 MPa.
• Grade 55C: This is a medium carbon steel with a tensile strength of 550-700 MPa and a yield strength of 380 MPa.
• Grade 60C: This is a medium carbon steel with a tensile strength of 600-760 MPa and a yield strength of 420 MPa.
• Grade 65C: This is a medium carbon steel with a tensile strength of 650-820 MPa and a yield strength of 460 MPa.

The various grades of BS4360 steel are differentiated by their chemical composition and mechanical properties. They are commonly used in structural applications such as bridges, buildings, and construction equipment.

DIN 17100 ST70-2 steel plate properties and application

DIN 17100 ST70-2 is a structural steel plate that is used in various engineering and construction applications. Here are some important properties and applications of DIN 17100 ST70-2 steel plate:

1. Equivalent grades

   Europe En10025(93)	France NFA35-501	U.K. BS4360	Italy UNI7070	China GB	Japan JIS3106
   E360	A70-2		Fe 690	Q355

2. Chemical Composition: DIN 17100 ST70-2 steel plate contains primarily carbon (C), manganese (Mn), and silicon (Si) as its major alloying elements. It may also contain small amounts of other elements such as phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and copper (Cu).
3. Carbon (C): 0.14-0.20%
4. Silicon (Si): 0.15-0.55%
5. Manganese (Mn): 0.60-1.70%
6. Phosphorus (P): 0.035% max
7. Sulfur (S): 0.035% max
8. Copper (Cu): 0.25% max (if specified)
9. Mechanical Properties: The mechanical properties of DIN 17100 ST70-2 steel plate include a minimum yield strength of 690 MPa and a minimum tensile strength of 770-940 MPa. The elongation at break is typically around 14%.
10. Applications: DIN 17100 ST70-2 steel plate is primarily used in structural applications such as bridges, buildings, and heavy machinery. It is also used in the construction of offshore platforms and in the manufacturing of pressure vessels and boilers.
11. Weldability: DIN 17100 ST70-2 steel plate is generally considered to be weldable using common welding techniques like gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). However, it is important to take proper precautions to avoid issues such as cracking or porosity.
12. Corrosion Resistance: DIN 17100 ST70-2 steel plate is not designed for corrosion resistance and may corrode in certain environments. However, it can be coated or painted to enhance its corrosion resistance.

Overall, DIN 17100 ST70-2 steel plate is a high-strength structural steel that is suitable for various engineering and construction applications. Its high yield and tensile strength make it ideal for use in heavy-duty applications such as bridges and buildings.

Composition, Properties, and Applications of A240 type TP410

ASTM A240/A240M is a standard specification for chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for general applications.

The most commonly used grades are the austenitic grades such as 304, 304L, 316, and 316L, which have a high content of chromium and nickel and offer good corrosion resistance, high strength, and good formability. Other grades include ferritic and martensitic grades such as 409, 410, 430, and 440C, which offer good resistance to high-temperature and corrosive environments.

A240-TP410 is a martensitic stainless steel alloy that is commonly used in applications where high strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance are required. This alloy is also known as UNS S41000, which is its standard designation according to the Unified Numbering System (UNS).

Equivalent grades

TP410 is a martensitic stainless steel that is equivalent to several other grades of stainless steel, including:

• AISI 410
• UNS S41000
• EN 1.4006
• JIS SUS410
• GB/T 10Cr13

Composition: 

The primary alloying element in TP410 is chromium, which is present in concentrations of 11.5% to 13.5%. Carbon is also a significant component, with concentrations ranging from 0.08% to 0.15%. Other alloying elements present in smaller amounts include manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and nickel. This composition gives TP410 its characteristic high strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.

Properties: 

TP410 is known for its high mechanical properties, including excellent tensile and yield strength. It has a high hardness, which makes it resistant to wear and abrasion. TP410 also exhibits good corrosion resistance in mildly corrosive environments, although it is not as corrosion-resistant as some other stainless steel alloys, such as austenitic grades.

Mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of TP410 depend on various factors such as the heat treatment, manufacturing process, and other conditions.

Typically, TP410 has a tensile strength of 480 MPa (70 ksi) and a yield strength of 275 MPa (40 ksi). The elongation at break is usually around 20% and the hardness ranges from 170 to 255 HBW (Brinell Hardness).

In terms of impact toughness, TP410 exhibits moderate to high impact strength. The Charpy V-notch impact toughness is usually around 35 Joules (25 ft-lb) at room temperature. However, the impact toughness can vary depending on the temperature and the heat treatment conditions.

It is important to note that the mechanical properties of TP410 can be improved through appropriate heat treatment, such as quenching and tempering. This can result in higher strength and hardness, as well as improved toughness.

Applications: 

TP410 is commonly used in applications such as pumps, valves, and other equipment that operate in corrosive environments, such as those found in the chemical and petrochemical industries. It is also used in the construction of heat exchangers, reactors, and other process equipment.

In addition, TP410 is often used in the manufacturing of surgical and dental instruments, as well as in the production of blades and other cutting tools. Its high strength and hardness make it an ideal material for these types of applications.

Conclusion: 

TP410 is a widely used martensitic stainless steel alloy that offers high strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. Its composition and properties make it ideal for a range of applications, particularly those in corrosive environments. While it may not be as corrosion-resistant as some other stainless steel alloys, its high strength and hardness make it a popular choice for many industrial and manufacturing applications.

 

Comparing the Composition, Properties, and Applications of Aluminum Alloys 5052 and 6061

Aluminum alloys are widely used in various applications due to their excellent properties. Two common aluminum alloys are 5052 and 6061, which have their own unique compositions and properties. In this article, we will compare the composition and properties of these two alloys.

Composition: 5052 is an aluminum-magnesium alloy that contains about 2.2-2.8% magnesium, while 6061 is an aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy that contains about 0.6-1.2% magnesium and 0.4-0.8% silicon. Additionally, 6061 contains a small amount of copper (0.15-0.40%) and zinc (0.25%).

Properties:

1.   Corrosion Resistance: Both 5052 and 6061 have good corrosion resistance, making them suitable for use in harsh environments. However, 5052 has better resistance to saltwater and industrial chemical environments.

2.   Strength: 6061 has a higher strength-to-weight ratio than 5052, making it suitable for use in structural applications where strength is important.

3.  Formability: 5052 has good formability, but 6061 is more difficult to form due to its higher strength and hardness.

4.   Weldability: Both alloys have good weldability, but 5052 is easier to weld due to its higher magnesium content.

5.   Machinability: 6061 has better machinability than 5052 due to its lower strength and hardness.

6.   Heat Treatment: 6061 can be heat treated to improve its strength and hardness, while 5052 cannot be heat treated.

Applications:

5052 is commonly used in marine and transportation applications such as boats, ships, and aircraft, as well as structural and architectural applications such as building facades, roofs, and panels. It is also used in chemical and food processing equipment, sheet metal work, electronic components and appliances, and pressure vessels and tanks.

6061 is commonly used in structural applications such as bridges, buildings, and aircraft, as well as automotive parts, marine components, and bicycle frames. It is also used in electrical components, pipes and tubes, and sporting equipment.

In conclusion, both 5052 and 6061 aluminum alloys offer excellent properties, but they have some differences in composition, properties, and applications. 5052 is easier to form and is commonly used in marine and transportation applications, while 6061 is stronger and more commonly used in structural applications.

Comparing the Composition, Properties, and Applications of Aluminum Alloys 3003 and 5052

3003 and 5052 are both aluminum alloys that are widely used in various industries due to their excellent properties. In this article, we will compare the composition and properties of both alloys.

Composition: 3003 is an aluminum-manganese alloy that contains about 1-1.5% manganese, while 5052 is an aluminum-magnesium alloy that contains about 2.2-2.8% magnesium. Additionally, 3003 contains a small amount of copper (0.05-0.20%), while 5052 contains chromium (0.15-0.35%) and a smaller amount of copper (0.10% maximum).

3003 Aluminum Plates

Properties:

1.   Corrosion Resistance: Both 3003 and 5052 have excellent corrosion resistance, making them suitable for use in harsh environments. However, 5052 has better resistance to saltwater and industrial chemical environments.

2.   Strength: 5052 has a higher strength-to-weight ratio than 3003, making it suitable for use in structural applications where strength is important.

3.   Formability: Both alloys have good formability, but 3003 is easier to form and shape due to its higher ductility.

4.   Weldability: Both alloys have good weldability, but 5052 is easier to weld due to its higher magnesium content.

5.    Machinability: Both alloys have good machinability, but 3003 is easier to machine due to its lower strength and hardness.

6.   Surface Finish: Both alloys have excellent surface finishes, allowing them to be easily polished, anodized, or painted.

Applications:

3003 is commonly used in low-load applications that require high plasticity and good weldability, such as kitchen utensils, food and chemical product processing and storage devices, tanks, and tanks for transporting liquid products, various pressure vessels and pipes processed with thin plates, general utensils, heat sinks, cosmetic plates, photocopier rollers, and ship materials.

5052 is commonly used in marine and transportation applications such as boats, ships, and aircraft, as well as structural and architectural applications such as building facades, roofs, and panels. It is also used in chemical and food processing equipment, sheet metal work, electronic components and appliances, and pressure vessels and tanks.

In conclusion, while both 3003 and 5052 aluminum alloys offer excellent properties, they have some differences in composition, properties, and applications. 3003 is easier to form and is commonly used in low-load applications, while 5052 is stronger and more commonly used in structural and marine applications.

 

Steels: Metallurgy and Applications 3rd edition

"Steels: Metallurgy and Applications" is a comprehensive textbook that covers the metallurgy, properties, and applications of various types of steels. The third edition of the book was published in 2020 and is authored by a team of experts in the field of metallurgy and materials science.

Steels: Metallurgy and Applications 3rd edition

The book is divided into 15 chapters that cover the following topics:

1.      Introduction to Steels: This chapter provides an overview of the various types of steels and their applications.

2.      Iron and Steelmaking: This chapter covers the processes involved in the production of steel, including ironmaking, steelmaking, and casting.

3.      Alloying Elements in Steel: This chapter discusses the effects of alloying elements on the properties of steel.

4.      Steel Microstructures: This chapter covers the microstructures of various types of steels, including ferrite, pearlite, bainite, and martensite.

5.      Heat Treatment of Steels: This chapter covers the heat treatment processes used to modify the properties of steel.

6.      Mechanical Testing of Steels: This chapter covers the various mechanical tests used to evaluate the properties of steel, including tensile testing, hardness testing, and impact testing.

7.      Steel Processing: This chapter covers the various processes used to shape and form steel, including hot and cold rolling, forging, and extrusion.

8.      Stainless Steels: This chapter covers the properties and applications of stainless steels, which are widely used in a variety of industries.

9.      Tool Steels: This chapter covers the properties and applications of tool steels, which are used to make cutting tools and other applications.

10. High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels: This chapter covers the properties and applications of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, which are used in structural applications.

11. Dual-Phase Steels: This chapter covers the properties and applications of dual-phase steels, which have a microstructure consisting of both ferrite and martensite.

12. Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steels: This chapter covers the properties and applications of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, which exhibit high ductility and formability.

13. Advanced High-Strength Steels: This chapter covers the properties and applications of advanced high-strength steels, which have been developed to meet the increasing demands of the automotive industry.

14. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steels: This chapter covers the mechanisms of corrosion and the methods used to protect steel from corrosion.

15. Applications of Steels: This chapter covers the various applications of steel in industries such as construction, automotive, aerospace, and energy.

"Steels: Metallurgy and Applications, Third Edition" is an excellent reference book on different types of steels and their applications. The author has updated the latest developments in steels in areas such as metallurgy, mechanical and physical properties, heat treatment techniques, manufacturing, and applications.

The book is very easy to read and reference, with specific illustrations and tables for different types of steels and their properties. It provides readers with a comprehensive overview of steels and their properties, enabling engineers and scientists to apply this knowledge in practical applications.

Although the book is very detailed and comprehensive, it may not be suitable for beginners in the field, as it requires some background knowledge of the metals industry and techniques. Overall, "Steels: Metallurgy and Applications, Third Edition" is an invaluable resource for professionals and students in the field of metallurgy, materials engineering, steel manufacturing, mechanical engineering, and related industries.

GB-ASTM-JIS-EN-DIN-BS-ISO STANDARD COMPARISON

GB-ASTM-JIS-EN-DIN-BS-ISO STANDARD COMPARISON

Item	GB	ASTM ASME	JIS	EN	DIN	BS	ISO
Pressure Vessel Steels.	20g	（S）.A515MGr.65	SB410	P235GH	HⅠ	161G430	P235
		（S）.A516MGr.65	SB450	P265GH	HⅡ		PH235
	16Mng 19Mng	（S）.A537MCL.1	SEV245	P355GH	19Mn6	——	P355 PH355
	15CrMog 15CrMoR	（S）.A387MGr.12	——	13CrMo4-5	13CrMo44	——	14CrMo45
	22Mng	（S）.A299M	——	——	——	——	——
	13MnNiCrMoNbg	——	——	——	BHW35/13	——	——
	13MnNiMoNbR				MnNiMo54
	16MnR	（S）.A537MCL.1	SPV355 SEV245	P355GH	19Mn6	——	P355 PH355
	15MnVNR	（S）.A737MGr.C	SPV410	——	——	——	——
	15MnVR	——	SEV295 SPV410	——	——	——	——
	16MnDR	（S）.A662MGr.C	SLA360	——	ESTE355	——	P355NL
		（S）.A738MGr.A
	12Cr2Mo1R	（S）.A387MGr.22	——	10CrMo9-10	10CrMo910	——	13CrMo910
	（2.25Cr1Mo）						（T1.T2）
	14Cr1MoR	（S）.A387MGr.11	——	——	——	——	——
	（1.25Cr0.5Mo）
Low-Alloy High Strength Steels	12Mn/Q295（A.B）	A572MGr.42	SS490	S275JR S275N	St44-3	43A	Fe430A
		A633MGr.A		S275NL		43B	Fe430B
	16Mn 14MnNb/	A572MGr.50	SM490A	S355JR S355J2G3	St52-3	50A 50B	E355DQ
	Q345（A.B.C.D.E）	A633MGr.C	SN490B	S355JO S355J2G4		50C 50D	E355E
		A633MGr.D	SM490C	S355N S355K2G3		50DD	Fe510B
				S355NL S355K2G4			Fe510C
							Fe510D
	15MnV/Q390	A633MGr.50	SM490（YA.YB）	——	StE380	50F	——
	（A.B.C.D.E）	A572	SM520B SM520C
	15MnVN/Q420	A572MGr.60	——	S420N	StE420	——	E420DD
	（A.B.C.D.E）	A633MGr.E		S420NL			E420E
	WH60/Q460	A572MGr.65	SM570	S460N	StE460	55C	E460CC
	（C.D.E）			S460NL		55EE	E460DD
							E460E
high-rise building Structural steel	HBS235（Z）	A572MGr.42	SN400A	S235JO	St37-2	40B	Fe430A
		A633MGr.A	SN400B	S235J2G3	St37-3	40D	Fe430B
			SN400C
	HBS345（Z）	A572MGr.50	SN490B	S355J2G3	St52-3	355D 355E	E355DD
			SN490C	S355K2G3	StE355	355EM	E355E
				S355N S355NL		355EMZ
Item	GB	ASTM ASME	JIS	EN	DIN	BS	ISO
Bridge	16Mnq 14MnNbq	A709MGr.50	SM490A SM490B	S355J2G3	St52-3	50B	E355DD
Steel	16MnCuq	A572MGR.50	SM490C SM490YA	S355K2G3	St355	50C	E355E
		A633MGr.D	SM490YB SM520B			50D
			SM520C			50DD
	15MnVq	——	——	——	StE380	——	——
	15MnVNq	A572Gr50 A633MGrE	——	——	StE420	——	——
Alloy Structure  Steel	40Cr	5140	SCr440	41Cr4	41Cr4	——	41Cr4
	20Mn2	1524	SMn420	——	——	——	22Mn6
	40Mn2	1340	SMn438	——	——	——	42Mm6
	——	——	SMn443	——	——	——	——
	15CrMo	——	——	——	13CrMo45	——	——
	30CrMo	4130	SCM430	25CrMo4	25CrMo4	25CRMo4	——
	35CrMo	4137	SCM435	34CrMo4	34CrMo4	34CrMo4	34CrMo4
	42CrMo	4140	SCM440	42CrMo4	42CrMo4	42CrMo4	42CrMO4
Mold Steel	45 SM45	1045	S45C S48C	1C45	1C45	1C45	C45E4
	50 SM48 SM50	1050	S50C S53C	1C50	1C50	1C50	C50E4
	55 SM53 SM55	1055	S55C S58C	1C55	1C55	1C55	C55E4
	SM3Cr2Mo	P20	——	——	——	——	——
	40Cr	5140	SCr440	41Cr4	41Cr4	——	41Cr4
Carbon structure steel	Q235（A.B.C.D）	A283MGr.C	SS400	S235JR S235JO	St37-2	40A 40B	Fe360
	——	A283MGr.D	SM400（A.B）	S235J2G3	St37-3	40C 40D	(A.B.C.D)
	Q275	——	SS490	——	——	——	Fe430A
	20	1020	S20C S22C	1C22	1C22	1C22	——
	25	1025	S25C S28C	1C25	1C25	1C25	C25E4
	30	1030	S30C S33C	1C30	1C30	1C30	C30E4
	35	1035	S35C S38C	1C35	1C35	1C35	C35E4
	40	1040	S40C S43C	1C40	1C40	1C40	C40E4
	45	1045	S45C S48C	1C45	1C45	1C45	C45E4
	50	1050	S50C S53C	1C50	1C50	1C50	C50E4
	55	1055	S55C S58C	1C55	1C55	1C55	C55E4
	50Mn	1053	SWRH52B	2C50	2C50	2C50	SL.SM