What is ASTM SA 193 grade B16?

What is SA 193 B16?

SA 193 B16 is a specification for high-temperature bolting materials, specifically alloy steel bolting materials, published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

SA 193 B16 is made from chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloy steel and is commonly used in applications that require high strength and resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and high temperatures.

SA 193 B16 stud bolts are often used in industries such as oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation. They are used in applications such as pipeline flanges, valve bodies, pressure vessels, boilers, turbines, heat exchangers, reactors, and compressors.

The ASTM A193 specification, which SA 193 B16 is a part of, outlines the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and testing requirements for high-temperature bolting materials. This helps to ensure that the materials used in critical applications meet a certain level of quality and reliability.

SA 193 B16 mechanical properties, chemical composition, applications

SA 193 B16 is a chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloy steel used in high-temperature and high-pressure applications such as pressure vessels, boilers, and flanges. The following are the mechanical properties and chemical composition of SA 193 B16:

Mechanical Properties:

• Tensile strength: 125 ksi (860 MPa) minimum
• Yield strength: 105 ksi (720 MPa) minimum
• Elongation: 16% minimum
• Reduction of area: 50% minimum
• Hardness: 35 HRC maximum

Chemical Composition:

• Carbon: 0.36% - 0.47%
• Manganese: 0.45% - 0.70%
• Phosphorus: 0.035% maximum
• Sulfur: 0.040% maximum
• Silicon: 0.15% - 0.35%
• Chromium: 0.80% - 1.15%
• Molybdenum: 0.15% - 0.25%
• Vanadium: 0.10% - 0.20%

Temperature Range

ASTM a193 grade b16 bolt temperature range is between -20ºF (-30ºC) to +1100ºF (+593ºC).

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Co-efficient of thermal expansion for ASTM a193 grade b16 bolting is approximately 7.5 x 10^6.

Applications: SA 193 B16 stud bolts are commonly used in industries such as oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation. They are used in applications that require high strength and resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and high temperatures. Some common applications of SA 193 B16 include:

• Pipeline flanges
• Valve bodies
• Pressure vessels
• Boilers
• Turbines
• Heat exchangers
• Reactors
• Compressors

It is important to ensure that any SA 193 B16 stud bolts being used meet the ASTM A193 specification and are installed and tightened according to the manufacturer's recommended torque specifications to ensure their performance and reliability.

 

A217 GR.WC6 properties

A217 GR.WC6 is a high-strength low-alloy steel that is commonly used in high-temperature and pressure applications. In this article, we will explore the mechanical properties, chemical composition, equivalent grades, and applications of A217 GR.WC6.

Equivalent Grades: A217 GR.WC6 has several equivalent grades that have similar chemical compositions and mechanical properties. Some of the equivalent grades are:

• ASTM A182 F11
• ASTM A335 P11
• BS 1503 Grade 621-440
• DIN 1.7335
• ASME SA217
• UNS J42045

Chemical Composition: The chemical composition of A217 GR.WC6 is as follows:

• Carbon (C): 0.05-0.20%
• Manganese (Mn): 0.50-0.80%
• Silicon (Si): 0.50-1.00%
• Chromium (Cr): 1.00-1.50%
• Molybdenum (Mo): 0.44-0.65%
• Nickel (Ni): 0.50% maximum
• Phosphorus (P): 0.03% maximum
• Sulfur (S): 0.03% maximum

Mechanical Properties: The mechanical properties of A217 GR.WC6 are as follows:

• Tensile strength: 415 MPa (60,000 psi) minimum
• Yield strength: 205 MPa (30,000 psi) minimum
• Elongation: 20% minimum
• Reduction of area: 35% minimum
• Hardness: 197-241 HBW

Applications: A217 GR.WC6 is primarily used in high-temperature and pressure systems, including:

• Boiler components: A217 GR.WC6 is used to cast boiler components such as steam tubes, flanges, gaskets, and handles.
• High-pressure piping: A217 GR.WC6 is used to cast high-pressure piping components such as pipes, flanges, valves, and fittings.
• Pumps: A217 GR.WC6 is used to cast pump components such as handles, shafts, and impellers.
• Valves: A217 GR.WC6 is used to cast valve components such as valve bodies, flanges, and handles.

Components cast from A217 GR.WC6 have high strength, can withstand high pressure and temperature, and have good resistance to corrosion and erosion, especially in acidic environments. Overall, A217 GR.WC6 is a versatile steel that can be used in a wide range of applications where high-strength and corrosion-resistant materials are required.

Download Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards

The Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards is a comprehensive guidebook that provides a detailed comparison of various steel standards used around the world. The book includes information on more than 100 steel standards from countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, China, and others.

Handbook Of Comparative World Steel Standards 3rd Edition

Handbook Of Comparative World Steel Standards 2nd Edition

The handbook is divided into four main sections:

1.      Introduction: This section provides a brief overview of the history and development of steel standards, as well as the need for a comparative guidebook.

2.      Steel Standards: This section provides a detailed comparison of various steel standards from around the world. The standards are organized by country, and each standard is presented in a standardized format that includes the following information:

·         Standard designation and year of issue

·         Chemical composition and mechanical properties

·         Product forms and sizes

·         Steel grades and symbols

·         Equivalent standards from other countries

3.      Cross-Reference Tables: This section includes cross-reference tables that allow users to easily compare steel standards from different countries. The tables are organized by product form (e.g. plates, bars, tubes, etc.) and provide information on equivalent grades from different standards.

4.      Appendices: This section includes additional information on steel standards, including a glossary of terms, conversion factors, and a list of organizations involved in the development of steel standards.

The Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards is a valuable resource for engineers, designers, and manufacturers who work with steel, as well as students and researchers in the field of materials science and engineering.

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 Table of Contents

1. Classification of Steels

Classification of Stainless Steels  

Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels  

The Effects of Alloying Elements on Iron-Carbon Alloys  

The Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram  

Iron and Its Interstitial Solid Solutions  

2. Iron and Carbon Steels

Designation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels  

Cast Steel  

Steel-Making Processes  

Structure of Plain Steels  

Corrosion of Carbon Steel  

Gray Iron  

Hardenable Carbon Steels  

Cast Carbon Steels  

Cold Rolled Steels

3. Alloy Steels

Alloy Steels  

Alloyed Tool and Die Steels  

Applications of Alloy Steels  

Characteristics of Alloying Elements  

Strengthening Mechanisms in Alloy Steel  

Quench Hardening of Steel  

Influence of Alloying Elements on Steel Microstructure  

Effects on the Martensite, Pearlite and Bainite Formation  

High-Strength Steels for Aerospace Forgings  

Austenitic Manganese Steels  

Soft Magnetic Alloys  

High-Strength Structural and HSLA Steels  

Hardenable Alloy Steels  

Silicon Steels and Their Applications  

Properties of Maraging Steels  

The Strengthening of Iron and Steel  

Controlled Rolling of Low Alloy Steels  

Bainitic Steels: Part One  

Bainitic Steels: Part Two  

Processing of Microalloyed Forging Steels  

4. Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steels

Heat-Resisting Steels  

Stainless Steels  

Corrosion Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steels  

Steel for Cryogenic and Low-Temperature Service  

Cast Stainless Steels  

Heat-Resisting Alloys  

High-Alloy Cast Steels  

Austenitic Steels  

Galvanic Corrosion  

5. Heat Treatment of Steels

Principles of Heat Treating of Steels  

Annealing  

Annealing of Castings  

Constant Temperature Transformation TTT Curves  

Heat-treatment of High Carbon Steel Wire - Patenting  

Hardening and Tempering of Tool Steels  

Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Cold-Work Tool Steels  

Heat Treatment of Low-Alloy Cold-Work and Hot-Work Tool Steels  

Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel  

Low and High Temperature Thermomechanical Treatments  

Surface Hardening of Steels  

Carburizing  

Nitriding  

Gas Carburizing  

Carbonitriding  

The Tempering of Martensite: Part One  

The Tempering of Martensite: Part Two  

Gas Nitriding  

Liquid Nitriding  

Advances in Thermal Spray Technology  

Hardenability of Steels  

The Formation of Martensite  

Induction Surface Hardening and Tempering  

Overview of Mechanical Working Processes: Part One  

Overview of Mechanical Working Processes: Part Two  

6. Cast Iron

Cast Irons  

Relation Between CE Structure and Mechanical Properties  

High-Strength Irons  

Classification of Cast Iron  

Nodular Ductile Iron  

Standard Terminology Related to Iron Castings  

High-Alloy White Irons  

Specifications for Ductile Iron  

Malleable Cast Iron  

Heat Treating of Gray Irons: Part One  

Heat Treating of Gray Irons: Part Two  

Heat Treating of High Alloy Graphitic Irons  

Heat Treating of High-Alloy White Irons  

Heat Treating of Malleable Irons  

Heat Treating of Nodular Irons: Part One  

Heat Treating of Nodular Irons: Part Two  

Casting Defects in Steels  

7. Mechanical Testing

Resilience  

True Stress - True Strain Curve  

Engineering Stress-Strain Curve  

Steel Properties at Low and High Temperatures  

Charpy Impact Test for Metallic Materials  

Effect of Metallurgical Variables on Fatigue  

Hardness Testing  

Magneto-Inductive Verification of Material Characteristics  

Ultrasonic Testing of Safety Parts in Automobile Manufacturing  

Determining Hardening Depth Using Ultrasonic Backscatter  

8. Fracture Mechanics

Fracture  

Fracture Mechanics  

Fracture Toughness  

Macroscopic Aspects of Fracture  

Fracture of Steel: Part One  

Fracture of Steel: Part Two  

Fracture Toughness of High-Strength Steels at Low Temperatures  

Temper Embrittlement  

The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part One  

The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part Two  

The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part Three  

Brittle Fracture and Impact Testings:Part One  

Brittle Fracture and Impact Testings:Part Two  

Fatigue of Metals: Part One  

Analyzing Failures of Metal Components: Part One  

Analyzing Failures of Metal Components: Part Two  

Fracture Features of Martensitic Steel Plate  

Stress Corrosion Cracked Welds in NiCrMo Steel  

9. Fatigue

Fatigue Crack Growth  

Structural Features of Fatigue  

10. Welding

Welding of Steels  

Filler Metals for Welding, Part 2  

Welding Process  

The Welding Processes: Resistance Welding  

Welding Procedures and the Fundamentals of Welding  

Beam Welding and Thermit Welding  

Processes Related to Welding  

Classification and Designation of Welding Filler Materials  

Welding of Stainless Steels  

Welding Ultra-High-Strength Steels  

Welding For Repair and Surfacing  

Procedures for Repair Welding and Surfacing  

Surfacing for Wear Resistance: Part One  

Surfacing for Wear Resistance: Part Two  

Power Supply for Welding Processes  

11. Steel Specifications and Applications

General Requirements for Rolled Steel for Structural Use  

Structural Steel for Ships  

Design for High-Temperature Applications: Part 1  

Design for High-Temperature Applications: Part 2  

Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels in Practical Applications: Part 1  

Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels in Practical Applications: Part 2  

Wear-Resistant Special Structural Steels  

Forging  

Application of New Hot-Rolled High-Strength Sheet Steels  

Austenitic Sandwich Materials  

Carbon and Alloy Steel for Mechanical Fasteners  

12. History of Steel Making

From the History of Iron and Steel Making: Part One  

From the History of Iron and Steel Making: Part Two

Download ebook Key to Steel Articles (format: .chm, size: 5MB):

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Download Free Software: Key to Steel

The Key to Steel software is a reference database that contains information on the properties and characteristics of various types of steel. It provides detailed technical data on over 300,000 steel grades and sub-grades, including chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment information, and more. The software is commonly used in the steel industry for material selection, product design, quality control, and research and development purposes.

The Key to Steel software was developed by the German company Stahlschluessel Wegst GmbH.

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Steel Reference Handbook

CARBON STEEL HANDBOOK

EBOOK: BUEHLER HARDNESS CONVERSION CHARTS: HRB, HRC, HBW, HBS ...

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AISI 4340 PROPERTIES

AISI 4340, 1.6511, 36CrNiMo4, SNCM439

AISI 4340 is a type of low alloy steel that can be heat treated and strengthened with 0.8% Cr, 0.2% Mo, and 1.8% Ni alloy elements. In comparison to AISI 4140, AISI 4340 offers higher strength and toughness, along with excellent fatigue, wear, and atmospheric corrosion resistance. Typically provided in a hardened and tempered condition, AISI 4340 has a tensile strength ranging from 930-1080 Mpa and a hardness of 280-320HB. The pre-hardened and tempered material can also be surface-hardened through flame or induction hardening, as well as nitriding. This ultra-high strength steel is classified as a medium-carbon, low-alloy steel, and has superior ductility, toughness, creep resistance, and fatigue resistance compared to most other steels. Depending on the heat treatment, the alloy can achieve high degrees of hardenability, with HRC hardnesses ranging from 24 to 53.

WHAT IS AISI 4340 STEEL?

AISI 4340 Steel is a particular type of steel alloy assigned prefix code by the AISI system. This letter prefix is mainly used to denote the steelmaking process of the AISI 4340 Steel.

The grade number in the steel alloys makes sure to differentiate their industrial applications.

4:  The first number ‘4’ indicates that the steel is ‘Molybdenum’ steel and Molybdenum is most important alloy element for this steel as compared to other steel series.

3:The second number’3′ means that three (3) elements are present, and they include nickel, chromium, and molybdenum.

40:  The last two numbers ‘40’ indicates the amount of carbon present in the steel. For this grade it has 0.40% carbon  same as AISI 4140 steel.

Moreover, this particular number is assigned to almost all the steel alloys by AISI to designate the different steel compositions in its alloys.

Is AISI 4340 Stainless Steel?

Stainless steel has at least 10.5% Chromium, and the maximum carbon content is not more than 1.2%.The main characteristics for these kind materials are good rust resistance and corrosion resistance.

While AISI 4340 is defined as a heat-treatable low-alloy steel containing 0.8% Cr, 0.2% Mo and 1.8% Ni as strengthening alloying elements. Compared with Stainless steel, it has higher strength and toughness, but its wear resistance and atmospheric corrosion resistance are not as good as stainless steel.

Is AISI 4340 Steel Corrosion Resistant?

AISI 4340 steel is a medium-carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel which has excellent tensile strength, toughness and fatigue resistance.

AISI 4340 Steel is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion because of its combined alloy elements of chromium, molybdenum, nickel and manganese which can not only improve the strength and hardenability of steel, but also improve corrosion resistance.

The corrosion-resistant nature of the AISI 4340 Steel is responsible for its use in the forged hydraulic systems, and it is also used in many other machine appliances, including those involved in the aerospace industry.

Is AISI 4340 Steel Magnetic?

AISI 4340 Steel is manufactured with many basic properties, including high magnetic properties. Other than magnetic properties, the AISI 4340 Steel is also equipped with durable mechanical properties.

This steel allows very substantial magnetic properties because a few percent of alloying elements are present. The magnetization of the AISI 4340 steel is estimated at up to 21500 Gauss.

Can You Machine AISI 4340 Steel?

Yes, you can machine AISI 4340 Steel with the help of almost all types of conventional techniques. No excess carbon contents are present, that’s why AISI 4340 steel can be machined easily.

This grade is easy to process, depending on the size and complexity of the section and the amount of processing to be carried out. The machining of AISI 4340 steel is carried out under an assumed shape.

However, the recommended machining process for AISI 4340 Steel is carried out under annealed, normalized and tempered environments.

How is The Weldability of AISI 4340 Steel?

AISI 4340 Steel is recommended to weld in the annealed condition, but welding in the quenched and tempered state should be avoided as much as possible, because this will affect the mechanical properties. It is not recommended to weld under nitriding, flame or induction hardening conditions.

In addition to this, the weldability of the AISI 4340 steel is carried out by preheating the material at 200 to 300 degrees. This high temperature for the welding is maintained to ensuring the sustainability of the substrate. The welded parts should be cooled slowly in the ashes or sand, and the stress should be relieved as much as possible.

EQUIVALENT INTERNATIONAL GRADES

We can see the differences between different national standards from the table below.

Chemical Composition

Standard	Grade	C	Si	Mn	P	S	Cr	Ni	Mo
ASTM A29	4340	0.38-0.43	0.15-0.35	0.6-0.8	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.04	0.7-0.9	1.65-2.0	0.2-0.3
EN10250	36CrNiMo4	0.32-0.4	≤ 0.4	0.5-0.8	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035	0.9-1.2	0.90-1.2	0.15-0.3
	1.6511
BS 970	EN24	0.36-0.44	0.1-0.4	0.45-0.7	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.04	1.0-1.4	1.3-1.7	0.2-0.35
	817M40
JIS G4103	SNCM439	0.36-0.43	0.15-0.35	0.6-0.9	≤ 0.03	≤ 0.03	0.6-1.0	1.6-2.0	0.15-0.3
GB 3077	40CrNiMoA	0.37-0.44	0.17-0.37	0.5-0.8	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.025	0.6-0.9	1.25-1.65	0.15-0.25

 

Physical Property

Density g/cm3	7.85
Melting point °C	1427
Poisson's ratio	0.27-0.30
Machinability (AISI 1212 as 100% machinability)	50%
Thermal expansion co-efficient µm/m°C	12.5
Thermal conductivity W/(m.K)	44.5
Modulus of elasticity 10^3 N/mm^2	210
Electric resistivity Ohm.mm2 /m	0.19
Specific heat capacity J/(kg.K)	460
Modulus of elasticity 10^3 N/mm2	100 ℃	200 ℃	300 ℃	400 ℃	500 ℃
	205	195	185	175	165
Thermal expansion 10^6 m/(m.K)	100 ℃	200 ℃	300 ℃	400 ℃	500 ℃
	11.1	12.1	12.9	13.5	13.9

4. Mechanical Property

Mechanical Condition	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Ruling Section (mm)	150	100	63	30	30	30	30
Tensile Strength Mpa	850-1000	930-1080	1000-1150	1080-1230	1150-1300	1230-1380	>1550
Yield Strength, Mpa	≥665	≥740	≥835	≥925	≥1005	≥1080	≥1125
Elongation %	≥13	≥12	≥12	≥11	≥10	≥10	≥5
Izod Impact J	≥54	≥47	≥47	≥41	≥34	≥24	≥10
Charpy Impact J	≥50	≥42	≥42	≥35	≥28	≥20	≥9
Brinell Hardness HB	248-302	269-331	293-352	311-375	341-401	363-429	>444

5.High Temperature Strength

For quenched and tempered heavy forgings
Diameter mm	Yield strength MPa
	20 ℃	100 ℃	200 ℃	250 ℃	300 ℃	350℃	400℃
≤250	590	549	510	481	441	412	371
250-500	540	505	471	451	412	383	353
500-750	490	466	441	422	392	363	343

Forging

Forging temperature should be carried out between 1150℃-1200℃,The lower the forging-ending temperature ,the finer the grain size .hold suitable time for the steel to be thoroughly heated before forge, but don’t forge below minimum forging temperature 850°C. AISI 4340 has good forging characteristics, but crack is easily occured when improper cooling way after forged, so it  should be cooled as slowly as possible in still air or in sand after forged.

Normalizing

Normalizing is used to refine the structure of forgings that might have cooled non-uniformly after forged, and considered as a conditioning treatment before final heat treatment. Normalizing temperature for AISI 4340 steel should be carried out between 850℃-880℃. hold suitable time for the steel to be thoroughly heated to complete the ferrite to austenite transformation. Cool in still air.

Annealing

Full annealing is recommended for AISI 4340 before machining, AISI 4340 should be carried our at a nominal temperature of 830℃-850℃,hold suitable time for the steel to be thoroughly heated, then furnace cooling to 610℃ at a rate of 11℃ per hour, finally air cooling.

Hardening

This heat treatment will obtain martensite structure after quenched. It will increase the surface hardness and strength.AISI 4340 should be carried out between 830℃-865℃, hold suitable time for the steel to be thoroughly heated, soak for 10-15 minutes per 25 mm section, oil quench is recommended. Tempering should be followed  immediately after quenched.

HOW TO HARDEN AISI 4340 STEEL?

AISI 4340 alloy structural steel belongs to gear steel which has high strength, toughness and outstanding hardenability and anti-thermal stability.

AISI 4340 Steel is used for heavy machinery high-load shafts, turbine shafts with a diameter greater than 250 mm, helicopter rotor shafts, turbojet engine turbine shafts, blades, high-load transmission parts, crankshafts, gears,etc.

But before we use them for above applications, we need to harden the materials according to requirements. In the actual production process,we often use water quench and oil quench to harden AISI 4340 Steel.

	Water Quench	Oil Quench
Quench Medium	Water	Oil
Quench Temperature	850~870℃	850~870℃
Quench Time	Normal	Longer
Cooling ability	Better	Normal
Crack Resistance	Poor	Normal
Deformation	Bigger	Normal
Hardness	Higher	Normal
Hardenability	Better	Normal
Tempering Following	Immediately	Immediately

HARDNESS OF AISI 4340 STEEL

When we use AISI 4340 steel for applications, we choose its high strength, high hardness and excellent toughness. Normally, AISI 4340 steel has a hardness below 229 HBW under annnealed conditon, 248-302HBW under quenched and tempered condition. With suitable hardening process, it can even achieve surface hardness up to 60HRC.

But can it be considered that the higher the hardness, the better the performance? Of course not.

The higher the hardness, the greater the strength, but the plasticity and toughness decrease. Especially in the case of quenching and tempering conditon, in order to ensure the strength, it is necessary to find a balance point between the strength and the toughness.

Tempering

AISI 4340 alloy steel should be in the heat treated or normalized and heat-treated condition before tempering. Tempering is usually carried out to relieve stresses from the hardening process, but primarily to obtain the required  hardness and mechanical properties. The actual tempering temperature will be chosen to meet the required properties.it is usually carried out at 450℃- 660℃, hold until temperature is uniform throughout the section, soak for 1 hour per 25 mm of section, and cool in still air. Tempering between 250℃-450℃ is not avoided as tempering within this range will seriously reduce the impact value, result in temper brittleness.

Application

AISI 4340 is often used in preference to AISI 4140 at the higher strength levels because of its better hardenability and improved CVN impact toughness.

Typical applications include: Heavy-duty axles, shafts, heavy-duty gears, spindles, pins, studs, collets, bolts, couplings, sprockets, pinions, torsion bars, connecting rods, crow bars, conveyor parts, forged hydraulic, forged steel crankshafts etc.